This post is a alpha version of my all post’s index [kind of sitemap, lol ]. So, I haven’t decided on the name of this post yet. As you can see, my posts consists of scientific management, tips & tricks, best free services & softwares- both for online and desktop….bla bla..blaa. Just check out!

01.Diable Aero & Vista features (Unnecessary windows utilities)

02.David McClelland’s achievment motivation needs theory

03.Transfer songs from ipod to pc & find/remove duplicate files

04.Bird named Robin

05.Firefox Browser Addons (PermaTab) & View/Edit Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 2007 format with Office XP & 2003

06.Software Utilities,Tools & Services: Free & Best:

01. Box.net:

02. YouSendIt:

07.Big Five Personality Trait relevant to Organization

08.Best of 2008: Most popular names for Firefox addons

09.Personality Traits at Work:Management Implications

10.Desktop Customization Tools:

01. CCleaner

02. Folder Guide

03. RocketDock

11.Firefox Browser Addons:Locationbar 2 for Phishing Detection

12.Firefox Browser Tweak: Addons & Extensions

01: Adblock Plus

02: Screengrab

03: Foxmarks Bookmark Synchronizer

13.Turnover Rate in BPO Industry: Cause & Effect

14.disks encryption and data security software:Free & Opensource-Truecrypt

15.Incremental Backup Service: Remote,Online & Free

16.Use any Website’s Search Option Right from Your Browser Address bar:

17.Reveal The Power of Google Advanced Search

18.Outsourcing in Bangladesh: Behind the Scene

19.Firefox address bar search engine- Yahoo to Google: how to change

20.HTML,XML,CSS books

Windows 7 is already on the run. Microsoft Corp. has released its RC on May the 5th. May be its a bit late for this post but if you are planning on using Windows Vista for sometime, this may help. Besides, lots of features are still intact in Windows 7. Some of these features slow down graphics performance and some hog memory while they’re not supposed to. Fratures you can disable right now include: Sidebar, Aero, Remote Assistance, Internet Printing Client, Windows Meeting Space, Windows Ultimate Extras, Tablet PC Stuff, ReadyBoost, Search Indexing, Offline Files, Windows Error Reporting Service, User Account Control (UAC).
For today- Lets start with Aero:

How to disable Aero in Windows Vista:

Microsoft put a lot of Vista’s visual enhancements under one technological and marketing umbrella: Aero. Among those features are the thumbnails of your windows that appear when you hover the mouse pointer over the taskbar, as well as the Flip 3D view you get by pressing Windows-Tab. Aero adds a little practicality and a lot of panache to the Vista user interface, and personally, I like it.

If your PC is underpowered or overloaded, however, Aero may be more trouble than it’s worth. To turn it off, right-click the Windows desktop and select Personalize, Window Color and Appearance. In the resulting ‘Window Color and Appearance’ dialog box, click Open classic appearance properties for more color options (if you don’t see the option, that means Aero is already turned off). Select Windows Vista Basic and click OK.

Aero example

Aero example-2

McClelland’s Learned Theory:

We all wonder sometimes, when and why an employee behave in a certain situation and what are the factors behind his/her behavior, performance & motivation? Several theories and lots of research have addressed this issue & today I’m gonna discuss a theory on motivation developed and proposed by David C. McClelland (May 20 1917 – March 1998). Just keep in mind that no theory is absolutely right, especially in varied situation but study of these theory helps us to better understand our own unique situation.

McClelland has proposed a theory of motivation that is closely associated with learning concepts. He believes that many needs are acquired from the culture. Three of these learned needs are the need for achievement (n Ach), the need for affiliation (n Aff), and the need for power (n Pow).

McClelland contends that when a need is strong in a person, it’s effect is to motivate the person to use behavior that leads to it’s satisfaction. For example, having a high n Ach encourages an individual to set challenging goals, to work hard to achieve the goals, and to use the skills and abilities needed to achieve them.

Based on research results McClelland developed a descriptive set of factors that reflect a high need for achievement. These are:

1.The person likes to take responsibility for solving problems.

2.The person tends to set moderate achievement goals and is inclined to take calculated risks.

3.The person desires feedback on performance.

The need for affiliation (n Aff) reflects a desire to interact socially with people. A person with a high need for affiliation is concerned about the quality of important personal relationships, and thus, social relationships take precedence over task accomplishment. A person with a high need for power (n Pow), meanwhile, concentrates on obtaining and exercising power and authority. He or she is concerned with influencing others and winning arguments. Power has two possible orientations according to McClelland. It can be negative in that the person exercising it emphasizes dominance and submission. Or power can be positive in that it reflects persuasive and inspirational behavior. The main theme of McClelland’s theory is that these needs are learned through coping with one’s environment. Since needs are learned, behavior which is rewarded tends to recur at a higher frequency. Managers who are rewarded for achievement behavior learn to take moderate risks and to achieve goals. Similarly, a high need for affiliation or power can be traced to a history of receiving rewards for sociable, dominant, or inspirational behavior. As a result of the learning process, individuals develop unique configurations of needs that affect their behavior and performance.

Transfer songs from ipod to pc & find/remove duplicate files:

8 of 24 free services/software to ease our life:

iDump: Allows transfer your songs from  iPod to PC, iDump has an  installer version but you can use the “executable only version”. Simply drop the iDump.exe in the root directory of your iPod and run it from there. Connect your iPod and run iDump and you’ll have access to all your songs. Now select the songs you want to transfer,  pick a destination directory and how you would like your songs to be named. And then transfer all the selected songs to the PC.

iDump

Note: Not compatible with iPhone or iTouch. Download link:

iDump v2.8 (installer)

iDump v2.8 (executable)

Easy Duplicate File Finder: PC gets cluttered with duplicate files of all kinds, image files, document files, .mp3 files, .dll files. You’ll be amazed once you’ve   discovered how many duplicate files you have on your pc. They clog up your hard disk, take away precious hard disk space, and make it hard to find the files you want at the right time. Easy Duplicate File Finder  finds duplicate files, then let you delete the ones you don’t want. Point it at your hard disk or selected folders, and it goes to work, finding duplicates. It then gives you a full report, and lets you clean them en masse, or just selected ones. There’s some nice intelligence built in as well. It tells you how much disk space duplicate files take up, for example, and lets you protect system files so that you don’t accidentally delete any important files your PC needs in order to run properly.

Easy Duplicate File Finder

FEATURES

1. Search for true duplicates (files with same contents)
Powerful search engine with fast files check
Full binary (byte-by-byte) comparison

2. Flexible Scan settings
Search files by masks
Size conditions & skip zero-length files option

3. Find duplicates from selected folders or drives
Add multiple folders/drives for scanning

4. Safety
Protect system files and folders
Move files to Recycle Bin or delete duplicate files permanently
Mark selected duplicates by renaming them with adding prefix to file names – to test which files is safe to delete

5. Convenient user interface

6. Duplicate file management – remove only unnecessary duplicates
Select files manually (for deletion) or use flexible selection options
Rename duplicate files with prefix/postfix
Move duplicate files to folder
Open folder containing selected file
Show file properties
Open file with associated program

7. Full Unicode support
Support for files with Chinese, Japanese, Arabian etc names

8. Export list of duplicates to HTML document or to TXT file

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

1. OS: Windows 95/98/Me/2000/XP/Vista
2. CPU: 400 MHz or higher
3. RAM: 128 MB or more
4. Hard Drive: 5 MB of free space

Download link: Easy Duplicate Finder 2.2.1 @ Author’s site or Easy Duplicate Finder 2.2.1 @SnapFiles.com And Portable Version 2.2.1 @ Author’s site.

Robin: our bird

Well, we’ve been waiting for this moment. At least I did for a long time. A happy face with our renowned fuck face! Yes! its our kaku bird! Dig deep and …..

Robin bird-01:

Robin bird-01

Robin bird-02:

Robin Bird-02

Hope you like.. If not; its ok. Take somebody else’s eye. Otherwise- opt for more?

Follow:

01-http://www.box.net/shared/icynjno9i3

02-http://www.box.net/shared/iynpt9gkn3

03-http://www.box.net/shared/1pthjd0jym

04-http://www.box.net/shared/jd8z4e2l46

05-http://www.box.net/shared/4q85flluir

06-http://www.box.net/shared/530ust54rv

07-http://www.box.net/shared/e8g7vg876v

08-http://www.box.net/shared/kh2c5y5fj9

Firefox Browser Addons (PermaTab) & View/Edit Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 2007 format with Office XP & 2003

7 of 24 free services/ Software to ease our life:

01: PermaTabs_mod: Probably you already know about this firefox addons, still I talk about this addons because the developer of PermaTab (David Morisson) decided not to provide update for Firefox3 but I really like this addons and one of my favourites! Thanks to a coder named Deos who decided not to wait for the original developer to update PermaTabs, so he whipped up PermaTabs Mod. It functions just like its namesake, but works in Firefox 3.

Turn tabs of your choice into permanent tabs. PermaTabs_mod can’t be closed accidentally no matter what you click (even actions like “Close other tabs” will not affect them) and will stick around between sessions. Ideal for keeping URLs you use often, always one tab away. Also, ideal for picking up specific articles where you left off during a previous session. Adding or removing a permatab is simple – right click a site’s tab, and check/uncheck “Permanent Tab”. You can make any open tab “Permanent” by hitting Alt-P. (You can also right-click a tab and choose Permanent Tab from the context menu.) Said tabs turn yellow so they’re easily distinguished from regular ones, though you can choose any color by dipping into the Options menu. Honestly, I’d be lost without this extension. I use it as a kind of temporary-bookmark feature, so I can easily return to sites I want to revisit in my next session. It’s a must-have for Firefox users.

N.B. Link at addons.mozilla.org requires you to log in to download or install the PermaTabs Mod 1.9.0. If you aren’t registered yet  or reluctant to, directly download it from my box.net shared link (last updated Dec 1, 2008).

02. You can’t open word document if it was saved in Microsoft Office 2007’s .docx format and you are using Office XP or 2003! Same thing happens for Powerpoint or Excel file format (.xlsx or .pptx). Everybody should know the fact that Microsoft corporation realized their stupidity long before and provided solutions: Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 2007 File Formats. Unfortunately I find lots of people still struggle for this file format incompatibility! There’s also a High-priority update for Office XP/2003 pacage on the download page and Microsoft highly recommends you install that update too.
After installing “Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 2007 File Formats”, you’ll be capable of viewing or editing word document, excel spreedsheet and powerpoint presentation of Office 2007 format using Microsoft Office XP/2003. Good day!

Software Utilities & Tools: Free & Best

6 of 24 free services/ Software to ease our life:

01. Box.net:

Ever wondered why our webmail doesn’t support attachment more than 5/10 MB? Don’t ask me! I don’t know either. But if you ask me about resolutions- there’s lots! I know you know some services too. Well which one is best? My best is the Box.net. Of course I’m talking about free services!! I always do. No post on my blog is for paid or trial utility software/  program/ services. Box.net has several limitations for free account but still it does it’s job properly and satisfactorily. You can share your file or even folder with categories along with editing privilege or just for viewing/downloading. You can share the box.net application in your Facebook, WordPress & Blogspot too! Box.net is a leading web-based content storage and collaboration solution adopted by small businesses and Fortune 1000 companies globally.

Main Features include:

1. Online Workspaces – Create shared workspaces and easily invite team members to upload files, start discussions and collaborate online.

2. File Sharing – Easily share large files both within your company and with external partners replacing FTP software and email attachments. You can even see when your files are downloaded!

3. Folder Layers – Create and organize multiple layers of folders replacing your file server with an online company-wide file system.

4. Mobile Access – View your files on any browser-enabled mobile device and use Box’s apps on the iPhone and Blackberry.

5. File Commenting, Group Discussions and Online Documents – Leave comments attached to a specific document, start a group discussion, or create and share a simple document.

6. Updates – Like a newsfeed for your shared workspace, keep up with all activity via the Updates tab in Box and through email.

7. Version History – View previous versions of your files even after changes are made and new versions are uploaded. *Business only

8. User Management – Manage users easily, control data access and review reports on content usage and activity using the Admin Console. *Business only

9. Security Controls – Set various levels of view and edit permission, set up a time to auto-delete a file or deactivate a link, and password protect sensitive folders or files *Business only

10. Easy-to-Use – Minimize user training and support costs, eliminate software or hardware maintenance, and get started in just minutes.

02. YouSendIt:

Same as the Box.net service except that you don’t get a permanant storage and here you don’t need any account or registration to use this service. First time I used this service when I tried to mail some party picture of my office to a friend, the attachment size was more than the permitted size and denied. So I went to YouSendIt.com and from that day…. I use this one click service for large size attachment with mail.

Description:

01. YouSendIt lets you send files up to 200 MB (for free)
02. The uploaded documents are stored at YouSendIt for 7 (free), read for download.
03. Email recipients get a message containing a unique link to the file.
04. YouSendIt scans sent files for known viruses and, for paid accounts, can track delivery and downloads.
05. File transfer can happen over secure TLS/SSL connections with YouSendIt.
06. A personal address book lets you remember people who often receive large files.
07. The YouSendIt Outlook add-on and Windows desktop application can resume interrupted uploads.

All you have to do is visit YouSendIt, compose your message, specify the big file — up to 100 MB in size for free accounts — to be delivered and click “Send It”. Sending large files is as easy as that with YouSendIt, and the recipient will get an email containing a link to a page from which the file can be downloaded. Though it’s a pity YouSendIt file sending and downloading limits are a tad low for free accounts.

Similar services:

[A]-Drop.io

[B]-SendSpace.com

[C]-GigaSize.com

Big Five Personality Trait relevant to Organization

Psychologists have identified literally thousands of personality traits and dimensions that differentiate one person from another. But in recent years, researchers have identified five fundamental personality traits that are especially relevant to organizations. Because these five traits are so important and because they are currently the subject of so much attention, they are commonly referred to now as the “big five” personality traits:

• Agreeableness
• Conscientiousness
• Negative Emotionality
• Extraversion
• Openness

Agreeableness refers to a person’s ability to get along with others. Agreeableness causes some people to be gentle, cooperative, forgiving, understanding,and good-natured in their dealings with others. But it results in others being irritable, short-tempered, uncooperative, and generally antagonistic toward other people. While research has not yet fully investigated the effects of agreeableness, it would seem likely that highly agreeable people will be better able to develop good working relationships with coworkers, subordinates, and higher-level managers, whereas less agreeable people will not have particularly good working relationships. This same pattern might also extend to relationships with customers, suppliers, and other key organizational constituents.

Conscientiousness refers to the number of goals on which a person focuses. People who focus on relatively few goals at one time are likely to be organized, systematic, careful, thorough, responsible, and self-disciplined as they work to pursue those goals. Others, however, tend to take on a wider array of goals and, as a result, to be more disorganized, careless, and irresponsible, as well as less thorough and self-disciplined. Research has found that more conscientious people tend to be higher performers than less conscientious people across a variety of different jobs. This pattern seems logical, of course, because more conscientious people will take their jobs seriously and will approach the performance of their jobs in a highly responsible fashion.

The third of the “big five” personality dimensions is Negative Emotionality. People with less negative emotionality will be relatively poised, calm, resilient, and secure. But people with more negative emotionality might be expected to handle job stress, pressure, and tension better. Their stability might also lead them to be seen as more reliable than their less stable counterparts.

Extraversion refers to a person’s comfort level with relationships. People who are called extraverts are sociable, talkative, assertive, and open to establishing new relationships. But introverts are much less sociable, talkative, and assertive, and not as open to establishing new relationships. Research suggests that extraverts tend to be higher overall job performers than introverts, and that they are also more likely to be attracted to jobs based on personal relationships like sales and making positions.

Finally, Openness refers to a person’s rigidity of beliefs and range of interests. People with high levels of openness are willing to listen to new ideas and to change their own ideas, beliefs, and attitudes as a result of new information. They also tend to have broad interests and to be curious, imaginative, and creative. On the other hand, people with low levels of openness tend to be less receptive to new ideas and less willing to change their minds. They also tend to have fewer and narrower interests and to be less curious and creative. People with more openness might be expected to be better performers, owing to their flexibility and the likelihood that they will be better accepted by others in the organization. Openness may also encompass an individual’s willingness to accept change. For example, people with high levels of openness may be more receptive to change, whereas people with low levels of openness may be more likely to resist change.

Well, I’m supposed to post on my series of posting titled n/24 free services/Software to ease our life:-  ;  all of a sudden a bizarre feeling hit me! What about a year round?! So, I’ve decided to post on the best web browser  Firefox addons/extensions I’ve used in the year 2008 around and have decided to continue using these killing addons. Honestly, I love Firefox’s superpower on customizations and I give a try whenever I find an addons promising & brothers- these are the promising, tested & trusted   addons for the year 2008 around. Of course your browsing and working behavior varies from other, no need to mention, including me. Still you’ll find some of these addons alluring and you may start to regret for not using these addons before and I’m sure You must be using some of these addons already. Let cut to the cheese. Addons I am talking about are:

01. Adblock Plus 1.0.1
02. ColorfulTabs 3.9
03. Duplicate Tab 1.0.2
04. Fission 1.0.3
05. Flagfox 3.3.8
06. Foxmarks Bookmark Synchronizer 2.7.2
07. Gmail Manager 0.5.7.1
08. Google Notebook 1.0.0.22
09. Google Toolbar for Firefox 5.0.20090122Wb2
10. Locationbar2 1.0.3
11. Screen grab! 0.95
12. SearchStatus 1.27
13. StatusbarEx 0.2.18

Need Description?! Ok! Here it goes:

01. Adblock Plus 1.0.1 : Blocks ads and banners on the internet that often take longer to download than everything else on the page. Highly customizable and preference can be set for individual site! I believe most of the user use this extension and know about it. For details & download visit Mozilla Addons page.

02. ColorfulTabs 3.9: Its a real fun with with handy utility. Do you you ever get lost while browsing with lots of tab opened? I did! Resolution is this ColorfulTab extension for Firefox browser. The most beautiful yet the simplest add-on that makes a strong colorful appeal. Colors every tab in a different color and makes them easy to distinguish while beautifying the overall appearance of the interface. Customizable foregroung and background color and image for tabs. For details & download visit Mozilla Addons page.

03. Duplicate Tab 1.0.2: With Duplicate Tab you can copy a tab so that the copy has the same history of the original tab. A tab can be copied into a new tab or a new window. Other features available are “Merge Windows” which moves all tabs from all windows in to one single window, and “Detach Tab” which makes a window out of a tab. For both features you can select tabs with Ctrl+Click. This allows you to merge only the selected tabs into a window, or to detach all selected tabs as tabs in a new window. All actions can be invoked by toolbar buttons, shortcut keys and context menu items. For details & download visit Mozilla Addons page.

Fission 1.0.3

04. Fission 1.0.3: Fission is a useful Firefox add-on that combines address bar and progress bar, making the progress bar more visible and allowing for a nice visual effect. For details & download visit Mozilla Addons page.

05. Flagfox 3.3.8: Displays a country flag

Flagfox

depicting the location of the current website’s server and provides quick access to detailed location and webserver information. For details & download visit Mozilla Addons page.

06. Foxmarks Bookmark Synchronizer 2.7.2:Foxmarks is the essential bookmarking add-on. Install Foxmarks on each computer you use, and it works silently in the background to keep your bookmarks and (optionally) passwords backed up and synchronized. If you’re away from your computer, Foxmarks allows you to access your bookmarks online by logging into my.foxmarks.com. Foxmarks’ Suggested Tag feature helps you stay organized by recommending relevant tags as you add bookmarks in Firefox 3. For details & download visit Mozilla Addons page.

07. Gmail Manager 0.5.7.1: Gmail Manager, as the name says,

Gmail Manager

lets you manage multiple Gmail accounts from within the comfy confines of your browser. After installing it and configuring your accounts in the Preferences, you’ll see a Gmail Manager status bar in the bottom-right corner of the browser window. Mouse over it for a pop-up listing your newest messages. Click it to open Gmail in a new tab. Or right-click it to select a different account.

08. Google Notebook 1.0.0.22: Allows note taking while browsing. Google’s updated extension for Firefox to take note using Google Notebook. Now you can  select any text snippet on a web page and a “Note This” button appears so you can save that information in Google Notebook right away. This is somewhat similar to the Note This feature on Google.com. Download  Google Notebook Extension (xpi – version 1.0.0.19).

09. Google Toolbar for Firefox 5.0. : I don’t believe anybody needs any explanation or introduction for this extension!

10. Locationbar2 1.0.3: Locationbar2 fights common phishing tactics by highlighting the domain name in the web page URL and graying-out everything but the domain  to make it easy to spot in long Web site addresses. Example is:

Locationbar2 (download)

11. Screen grab! 0.95: Screengrab saves webpages  as images in .PNG or .JPEG format using Java or Gecko Canvas method. You have the option to save “Complete Page/Frame…” or the “Visible portion i.e. what you can see in the window “, or “Selection”. Fortunately you can save a image copy of the webpage or you can copy the image direct into the clipboard incase you are using any kind of editor. After installation, Screengrab menu is added to your browser’s  Context menu & you can save any page or portion/ frame just by right-clicking. For details & download visit Mozilla Addons page.

12. SearchStatus 1.27: This addons is for advanced

SearchStatus

users and a must have extension for the search engine optimizers. Shows Google PR, Alexa ranking, compete ranking, no follow tag, sitemap.xml, robot.txt, keyword density, indexed pages by major SEs, Backward links, meta tag, Link report, whois info, archieve.org… and loads of information in one place!For details & download visit Mozilla Addons page.

13. StatusbarEx 0.2.18: Shows some useful information on statusbar of firefox, such as the memory usage of system & firefox itself, network speed, system power status, etc. For details & download visit Mozilla Addons page.

StatusbarEx

Hope you enjoyed! Keep me updated and advise please.

Personality Traits at Work

There are several personality traits that influence behavior in organizations. Among the most important are locus of control, self-efficiency, authoritarianism, Machiavellianism, self-esteem, and risk prosperity.

Management Implications:

Managers need to realize that people vary along a wide array of personality traits. The personality traits provide useful frameworks for understanding how and why people differ. At the same time, managers should also realize that myriad other traits exist and that assessing and understanding precisely how a given trait affects behavior is difficult, at best. The personality traits at work continues to attract the attention of both researchers and managers. The potential value of this traits are that it encompasses an integrated set of traits that appear to be valid predictors of certain behaviors in certain situations. Thus, managers who can develop both an understanding of the traits and the ability to assess these traits in their employees will be in a good positions to understand how and why they behave as they do. On the other hand, managers must also be careful not to overestimate their ability to assess the personality traits in others. Even assessment using the most rigorous and valid measures, for instance, is still likely to be somewhat imprecise. Another limitation of these personality traits is that it is based primarily on research conducted in the United States. Thus, there are unanswered questions about its generalizability to other cultures. And even within the United States, a variety of other factors and traits are also likely to affect behavior in organizations.

Personality Traits Dynamics:

Locus of control is the extent to which people believe that their behavior has a real effect on what happens to them. Some people believe, for example, that if they work hard they will succeed. They may also believe that people who fail do so because they lack ability or motivation. People who believe that individuals are in control of their lives are said to have an internal locus of control. Other people think that fate , chance, luck, or other people’s behavior determines what happens to them. For example, an employee who fails to get a promotion may attribute that failure to a politically motivated boss or just bad luck rather than to her or his own lack of skills or poor performance record. People who think that forces beyond their control dictate what happens to them are said to have an external locus of control.

Self-efficacy is a related but subtly different personality characteristic. Self-efficacy is a person’s beliefs about his or her capabilities to perform a task. People with high self-efficacy believe that they can perform well on a specific task. While self-assessments of ability contribute to self-efficacy, so too does the individual’s personality. Some people simply have more self-confidence than others do. This belief in their ability to perform a task effectively results in them being more self-assured and more able to focus their attention on performance.

Another important personality characteristic is authoritarianism, the extent to which an individual, believes that power and status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social systems like organizations. For example, a person who is highly authoritarian may accept directives or orders from someone with more authority purely because the other person is “the boss”.On the other hand , while a person who is not highly authoritarian may still carry out appropriate and reasonable directives from the boss, he or she is also more likely to question things, express disagreement with the boss, and even to refuse carry out orders if they are objectionable for some reason. A highly authoritarian manager may be autocratic and demanding, and highly authoritarian subordinates will be more likely to accept this behavior from their leader. On the other hand, a less authoritarian manager may allow subordinates a bigger role in making decisions, and less authoritarian subordinates will respond positively to this behavior.

Machiavellianism is another important personality trait. This concept is named after Niccolo Machiavelli, a sixteenth-century author. In his book entitled The Prince, Machiavelli explained how the nobility could more easily gain and use power. Machiavellianism, is now used to describe behavior directed at gaining power and controlling the behavior of others. Research suggests that machiavellianism is a personality trait that varies from person to person. More Machiavellian individuals tend to be rational and nonemotional, may be willing to lie to attain their personal goals, put little weight on loyalty and friendship highly, and get little personal pleasure from manipulating others.

Self-esteem is the extra to which a person believes that he or she is a worth while and deserving individual. A person with high self-esteem is more likely to seek higher status jobs, be more confident in his ability to achieve higher levels of performance, and derive greater intrinsic satisfaction from his accomplishments. In contrast, a person with less self-esteem may be more content to remain in a lower-level job, be less confident of his/her ability, and focus more on extrinsic rewards. Among the major personality dimensions, self-esteem is the one that one has been most widely studied in other countries. While more research is clearly needed, the published evidence suggests that self-esteem as a personality trait does indeed exist in a variety of countries and that its role in organizations is reasonably important across different cultures.

Risk propensity is the degree to which an individual is willing to take chances and make risky decisions. A manager with a high risk propensity, for example, might be expected to experiment with new ideas and gamble on new products. He/She might also lead the organization in new and different directions. This manager might also be a catalyst for innovation. On the other hand, same individual might also jeopardize the continued well-being of organization if the risky decisions prove to be bad ones. A manager with low risk propensity might lead to a stagnant and overly conservative organization, or help the organization successfully weather turbulent and unpredictable times by maintaining stability and calm. Thus, the potential consequences of risk propensity to an organization are heavily dependent on that organization’s environment.